May 1 -" International Workers Day. .. History - "The Martyrs of Chicago" ...
On 1 May 1889 was established the "International Labor Day" on the street Prelate of Paris during the International Congress of the European Trade Union Association. This date was established as a day of fighting, the Second International in July 1889 to perpetuate the memory of workers who were arrested and executed for protesting in Chicago for eight-hour workday.
This claim was undertaken by American workers and immediately adopted and promoted by the International Workers Association, which become common demand of class working around the world. The Paris Congress agreed to hold the Second International Labor Day May 1 each year, with protest rallies and demonstrations workers worldwide.
Since 1890, political parties and trade unions in the International led integrated in almost all industrialized countries, workers' demonstrations at the request of the eight-hour day and as a sign of the brotherhood of the international proletariat. This source of protest and workers' struggle is associated with the May 1, the celebration has gone through many ups and downs as the country and its political regime. Today in almost all democratic countries is a holiday and the union called demonstrations both parties engaged in brotherhood. In 1954, the Catholic Church, under the leadership of Pius XII, tacitly supported this day proletarian to declare that day as the feast of "Saint Joseph the Worker."
During the twentieth century, advances were increasing labor laws for workers, giving them rights to respect, remuneration and social protection.
In Argentina, between social laws can be made to the Act 4661 of Sunday rest, the 9688 Act, which establishes the obligation to pay compensation for work accidents and occupational diseases even if no employer's fault, Law 11,544, which limits the workday to 8 hours and the "Law of dismissal", which deals with notice and compensation. On 1 May, in our country, a national holiday by Act 21,329 of national holidays and holidays.
Historical Review
now over 120 years from the l th. May 1886. The American working class gave us five martyrs in Chicago. These labor leaders killed by the system have been pride and example of struggle for all workers in the world. George Engel, Adolph Fischer, Albert Parsons and August Spies died hanged by order of the state of Illinois. Louis Lingg, also sentenced to death are removed (or stripped) life in his cell a day before his execution.
American governments have done everything possible to hide and erase this episode in the history of the United States. Of course this is not an isolated incident handling the country's history. In general, the true story of the American people will never reach the textbooks while not present in good light to the owners of the economic system. The history of struggle of American workers is concealed and misrepresented to the shameful complicity of agencies and institutions, who seem be more interested in keeping employers happy to defend the interests of people of workers / citizens.
To honor those men and women (citizens) who gave their lives for the cause of workers, the world will not be forgotten.
This article (build) is just a small sketch of this long struggle that gave late to-last (or previous millennium) to get some basic conquests still enjoy and that we have not yet paradoxically overcome. Such is the story of the struggle of the / workers and the working day of eight hours.
mid nineteenth century occurred in both Europe and North America, an explosive growth of the working classes, especially in cities. Everyday industrial production required a greater number of workers as a result of accelerated growth of the world capitalist system.
In turn, the working days spread over 12 to 14 hours a day, six days a week, wages were inadequate and precarious working conditions. From Europe
large number of workers emigrated to the United States in search of work in the nascent U.S. industry. These brought the first seeds of organization working, the basic ideas of mutuality, of utopian socialism and anarchism. They came fleeing poverty and full of hope.
However, the growth of the industry was not sufficient to meet the labor needs of the unemployed masses. This created a situation of crisis and widespread dissatisfaction.
late nineteenth century, Chicago was the second U.S. city West and Southeast rail arriving each year thousands of farmers jobless, creating the first humble villas that would house hundreds of thousands of workers. Furthermore, these urban centers welcomed migrants from around the world throughout the nineteenth century.
In 1829 they formed a movement to ask the legislature of New York's eight-hour day. Previously there was a law forbidding work more than 18 hours,''except in cases of need.'' If there was such a need, any officer of a railroad company that would have forced a driver or a fireman working days of 18 hours must pay a fine of 25 dollars.The majority of workers were members of the Noble Order'' Knights of Labor,''but''was more dominant the American Federation of Labor''(American Federation of Labor), born anarchist. In its fourth congress, held on October 17, 1884, had decided that from 1 May 1886 the legal duration of the workday should be eight hours. If no response to this claim, he would go to a huelga.Recomendaba all labor unions to try to enact legislation that content in all jurisdictions. This decision aroused the interest of all organizations, which saw the eight-hour day would make it possible to get as many jobs (less unemployment). Those two years exacerbated the sense of solidarity and increased the combatibilidad of workers in general.
The labor movement went through between 1866 and 1886, a period of growth and crisis. On the one hand, moderate trend appeared, which aimed to gradually conquered and acquired the organizational form of trades or specialties: instead of a railway union, unions favored firemen, drivers, etc.. The other sector longed radical change in society and assumed as an organizational form the industrial union, one in which all workers entering an industry. The embodiment of this principle was "The Knights of Labor," a secret organization at first, soon came to dominate the labor movement, because it did not discriminate between blacks and whites, between skilled and unskilled workers, between Americans and immigrants, among men and women. This organization in the 70 suffered some defeats that undermined their prestige.
moderate trend focused on the American Federation of Labor (AFL), founded in 1886 under the direction of the leader of the National Union of Cigarette, Samuel Gompers. This organization shunned political action. Adolph Strasse, one of its leaders, had declared in 1883 before a Senate committee of his country: "We are all practical men. We have no ultimate ends. We work day. We are fighting for immediate objectives, objectives that can be achieved in a few years. "
born the year that the AFL, there was a shock that marked social history of the world. It was like the explosion of a time bomb. Indeed, in 1884, a dying organization, the Federation of Unions and specialists had passed a resolution saying, succinctly, "from 1 May 1866, eight hours shall constitute the legal working hours."
"By a stroke of fortune - has said the right-wing historian Norman J. Ware - a resolution passed in the dreary days of 1884, reached maturity in the revolutionary year of 1886 and became the rallying point and battle cry of the aggressive forces that year ... It was little more than a gesture, which due to the altered conditions of 1886, he became a revolutionary threat. "
seems that due to the failure of other methods, the federation concluded that it needed a strike on 1 May 1866. "It would be vain to hope, expressed in 1885 - an eight-hour law as a result of legislative power, a united demand to reduce hours of work, supported by an organization firmly established and determined it would be much more effective than a hundred laws."
The idea was rejected even by shooting "Knights of Labor." Terrence Powderly, the main leader of those opposed to idea of \u200b\u200ba strike on May 1 and a secret circular recommended that, instead, members of the organization, "write short essays on the subject of eight hours." At first he objected, arguing that the eight-hour movement was a "commitment to the wage system."
Anarchists were at that time a considerable force in the labor movement of the Union, due to the contribution of migration of German and Italian radicals.
The truth is that the idea of \u200b\u200ba general strike for eight hours had seeped through the foundations, and that a group of socialist and anarchist leaders had been at the forefront of the fight.
There, on the other hand, a sector of immigrant anarchists who were preparing for acts of violence of which they knew nothing or current workers, nor the main fighters for eight hours. There is reason to suppose that Johann Most, author of a book which gave advice to make and throw bombs, were behind the current terrorist outside the real movement of workers.
In 1886, U.S. President, Andrew Johnson, signed the so-called''''Ingersoll Act, establishing the 8-hour workday. Soon after, 19 states passed laws that allowed maximum of 8 working days and 10 hours (but always with clauses that allow make the workers work between 14 and 18 hours).
Working conditions were similar, and the conditions under which they lived was still unbearable. The workers had to get up at four in the morning and returned after eight o'clock at night, and even later, so never saw their wives and children in the light of day. Some were sleeping in hallways and other crowded in huts where three or four families. Many had no shelter and were seen gathering food scraps in waste. As Ingersoll Act was not met, labor and trade union organizations of the United States mobilized. The press termed the movement to demand eight hours as "outrageous and disrespectful'''''," delusions of lunatics''''unpatriotic "and stating that it was" the same as asking''is paid a salary without meeting any hour of work''. " The Noble Order of the Knights of Labor (the main organization of workers in the U.S.) sent a circular to all adhering organizations which stated: "No employee''attached to this plant should go on strike on 1 May as We have not given any order to that effect''. " This statement was flatly rejected by all U.S. workers and Canada, who repudiated the leadership of the Noble Order of the labor movement as traitors. April 29 , 1886 (two days before the strike) the press said: "''In addition to the eight hours, workers will demand all they can suggest the craziest''anarcho-socialist." The New York Times said: "''strikes to enforce eight hours can do much to cripple our industry, reduce trade and halt the resurgent prosperity of our nation, but''not achieve their objective." The Philadelphia Telegram said: "''The work item has been bitten by a tarantula species universal and has become lunatic, just think right now in a strike by achieving eight-hour system''." Indianapolis Journal said: "''The street parades, the red flags, the fiery speeches of thieves and demagogues who live off the taxes of honest men but deceived, strikes and threats of violence, say''movement initiation." The main promoter and organizer of the fight to strike May 1 in Chicago was Albert Parsons. Had in 1886, 38, at eleven workers had already been graphic. At thirteen, he entered the civil war as a volunteer. After helping to save the unity of his country, had returned to work. This singular man Parsons, the best embodiment of his people: it was idealistic and practical. Shortly after civil war, founded the newspaper "Spectator" in claiming equal rights for blacks. At 25 he married the Mexican india Eldine Lucy Gonzales, who was his great struggle partner in the union.
On 1 May 1886 shocked the workers themselves. In all the cities went on strike thousands of workers. In many of these marches were held. In Chicago, though it was Saturday, and therefore business, eighty thousand workers abstained from work. There was a parade that marched at the head cheerful and vigorous Parsons with his wife and two young children.
The newspapers had announced for that day a desperate rebellion and a general massacre. In the newspaper "Chicago Mail" was written: "There are two thugs loose in this city, two elusive cowards they are up to cause agitation. One of them is called Parsons, the other is Spies ... Márquenlos for today. Hold them in sight. Make them personally liable for any disorder to occur. Make them something exemplary if disturbances occur. "
However, the strike and the parade were orderly and calm. Speakers Parsons, August Spies, Pastor Samuel Fielden and Michael Schwab, merely to underline the claim time.
The slogan was: "From today, no worker should work more eight hours per day. Eight hours of work! Eight hours of sleep! Eight hours of recreation! ".
Under this predicament, on 1 May 1886, in the United States reported more than 5000 labor movement. About 190,000 workers went on strike and about 150,000 won their demand with the threat Stop. In late May another 50,000 workers to achieve legal recognition of a new day and the end of the year a total of 250,000 workers reached the same benefit. The road to a reasonable working day was open at the end ... But these achievements
were missed by a great sacrifice. The repression was felt directly in various places that 1 º May, resulting in nine deaths in Milwaukee and street clashes between police and protesters in Philadelphia, Louisville, St. Luois, Baltimore and Chicago. The latter city was the center of one of the greatest struggles of workers around the world: the struggle for decent working hours and fair.
Paradoxically, the most violent events in Chicago it does not occur on May 1, but in the following days. On May 3-wood around 6,000 workers gathered in the vicinity of the Agricultural Machinery Manufacturing Mc.Cormick to choose a strike committee which should meet with the employer.
That 1 º May 1886 was so agitated that employers applied the lockout (dismissal).
More than 40 thousand workers went on war footing, the figure of the leading German-anarchist editor of Zaeitun Arbeiter (Workers' Newspaper), called Auguste Spies, who became the keynote speaker at an event where organized a strike committee, as he spoke, a group of protesters broke away and attacked the rest some strikebreakers who then abandoned the premises of the Mc.Cormick. The result was a clash of proportion. The police, although the rally was breaking up, attacked the crowd shots causing 6 deaths and nearly 50 injured.
That night Spies printed a flyer saying
'REVENGE, THE WORKERS TO ARMS "
" The masters have released the hounds: the police. "
"kill those poor, because they, like you, had the courage to disobey the supreme will of their employers. They were killed because they dared to ask for shortened working hours "
" If you are men, if they are children of larger than bore, and who shed their blood to free them, will rise with all the strength of Hercules and distributed the hideous monster that tries to destroy "
Call to Arms. Call to Arms
On May 4 in the morning, police broke up a demonstration in which were present more than 3,500 workers. That morning there was another wheel of Spies saying
"The class war has begun. His blood want revenge "
" If workers are shot, so we answer our masters will remember for a long time, is the need that we cry
Call to Arms. To arms. "
that day a demonstration was organized to protest the workers killed.
The event was scheduled for 19:30 Hs of the night in the Haymarket Square (Haymarket), with the permission of Mayor Harrison, who went to check to be made peacefully. The keynote speaker was Albert R. Pearson, who had informed the organizers that if they divided the wheel of Spies he would not speak.
The call and the spirit was to pacify, while Parsons went with his wife and two children. He actually thought I would not attend the event because his partner told a meeting of garment workers who wanted their presence. However, lately, a worker gave him the scope and asked to come to the rally, because missing speakers.
Spies spoke after Parsons. While assisting the third speaker, Pastor Samuel Fielden, began a terrible rain. The crowd fell. At 21:30 the Mayor closed the event. When Fielden said: ... "and concluded" the police inspector John Bonfield felt that having done the act, not the workers should be allowed to continue there, along with 180 policemen and soldiers moved into the park and began to suppress . Fielden's scolded noting that the act was authorized and, therefore, had to allow normally ended. It was in this discussion when the darkness was thrown an object into a group of policemen bursting with great noise, killing one official place name Degan and other injuries. The police opened fire on the crowd. The result was an unspecified number of protesters killed and wounded, although history recorded 38 dead and 115 wounded.
A bomb thrown at the police interrupted what until then had been only words, unleashing chaos and death ...
The U.S. labor historians Richard Boyer and Herbert Morais point that there were many who thought the bomb was thrown by an agent provocateur. Just thought Parsons, who considered that he was going to be the main victim of provocation, thus escaped from Chicago.
The next day in the United States unleashed a frenzy of hatred, anti-worker. A working journalist. John Siwnton wrote in those days: "The bomb was a godsend for the enemies of the labor movement. She was hired as an explosive against all the objectives pursued by the working people, and in defense of all the ills that capitalism seeks to maintain. "
The attack served to justify criminal harassment against union immeasurable class emerging in the United States, frightened and encouraged large industrial sectors opportunistic tendencies among the leaders.
Hundreds of leaders and common people were arrested and tortured and ordered the arrest of the German company August Spies, Adolph Fishedr George Engel, Louis Lingg and Michael Schawab; Americans Neebe Oscar Albert Pearson and English and Samuel Fielden. who were brought to trial.
Soon Parsons, to see their peers tortured and threatened with death, decided to surrender to justice. The trial was a carnival of lies, false testimony and pressures. In the whole world up a campaign to save life of the accused. One of the jurors, said then: "... The same hang. They are too smart and too dangerous for our privileges .... "
Chicago was subjected to "State of Siege" and under the curfew was detained hundreds of workers and leaders.
The press in general yielded to this witch hunt, '''What better suspect that the staff of the anarchists. A brutes hanging murderers, ruffians red communists, bloodthirsty monsters, bomb makers, rabble that are not nothing but the lag of Europe who sought our shores to abuse our hospitality and challenge the authority of our nation, and that in all these years have done nothing but seditious and dangerous doctrines proclaim !''». The Press claimed a summary trial by the Supreme Court, and accountable to eight anarchists and all the prominent figures of the labor movement. Continued detention of hundreds of workers as suspects. On June 21, 1886, began proceedings against 31 perpetrators, being then reduced the number to 8. The trial was a farce from beginning to end, violated all the procedural rules and substantive, while the press published sensationally supported all the accused had to hang foreigners. Despite not having proven anything in his against the Chicago Eight were convicted, accused of being enemies of society and the established order, they were asked for the death penalty and sentenced to hang. CONVICTION
The decision issued on August 20, 1886 condemned to the gallows eight defendants: Parsons, Schwab, Fielden, Spies, Oscar Neebe, Louis Lingg, George Engel and Adolph Fischer.
During the trial, the beautiful young heiress of millions, Nina Van Zandt, fell for Spies, and his struggle for life, and decided to marry him by proxy to see if they could improve their situation.
*''''Samuel Fielden (English, 39, METHODIST PASTOR and textile workers).
In his speech to the court that sentenced him to death, Pastor Samuel Fielden said:
"I am accused of stirring passions, I am accused of arson because I said that society degrades man to reduce to the category animal. Walk! Go into the homes of the poor and you will see them piled up in the smallest space possible, breathing an atmosphere of illness and death infernal
... I love my fellow workers and myself. I hate tyranny , evil and injustice. The nineteenth century is guilty of hanging with his best friends. Do not take the time to repent ...
... I feel happy to die. Especially if my Death may overtake a single minute of your happy day when the sun shine for workers ...".
Neebe
*''Oscar''(U.S., 36, salesman) .* Michael swabbed''''( German, 33, typesetter) had told the judge:''
... speak little, and probably will not take off the lips if my silence could be interpreted as a cowardly assent to the comedy that just developed. The processed here is anarchy, and anarchy is a doctrine hostile opposed to brute force, the criminal production system and unfair distribution of wealth. You and only you are the agitators and conspirators ... As a worker that I have lived among my people, I slept in their garrets and in their caves, I have seen prostitution under the force of the deprivation and misery, starvation and robust men, for lack of work ... But he had known in Europe, harbored the illusion that so-called "Land of the Free" no pictures would witness these sad. however, I had occasion to convince me otherwise. In large industrial centers of the U.S., more misery in the nations of old world ... Thousands of workers from Chicago living in filthy rooms with no ventilation, no space, two or three families live piled in one room eating scraps of meat and some vegetables ... cruelest diseases preying on men and women, children, especially in the unfortunate and innocent children ... Is not this horrible, in a city reputed to be civilized? ... ".
Of the initially sentenced to two: Michael Schwab and Samuel Fielden Pastor, were commuted to life imprisonment. In turn, Oscar Neebe, the gallows was changed for 15 years in prison. The remaining
, they upheld the conviction to the gallows. They were: Auguste
Spies, Journalist, Germany, 31.
George Engel, typographer and journalist, German, 50. Adolf
Fisher, Journalist, Germany, 30.
Albert Parsons, Journalist, American, 38. Lowis
Lingg, Carpenter, Germany, 22.
latter, Lowis Lingg, blown up in his cell appeared on the eve of the execution of the sentence.
Thus, the November 11, 1887, date set for implementation, four leaders were taken to the gallows: Fisher, Engel, Parsons and Spies.
+ George Engel said:
"... is the first time to appear before a U.S. court, which I am accused murderer.
Why am I here? Why am I accused of murderer?
For the same reason that made me leave Germany: poverty, the misery of the working class. "
Again, in this "Free Republic", in the richest country on earth, there are many workers who have no place in the banquet of life and as a social arias drag a miserable life.
Here I have seen human beings looking for something to eat in piles of garbage from the streets.
What is my crime?
I have worked in the restoration of a social system which is impossible while a pile million, others fall into degradation and misery. Just as water and air are free for all, land and inventions of men of science should be used to benefit everyone.
laws you are in opposition to nature and through them you steal from the masses the right to life, liberty and welfare .... "
+ Adolf Fischer:''... only I have to protest against the death penalty imposed on me because I have not committed any crime ... but if I am to be hanged for professing my anarchist ideas, for my love of liberty, equality and fraternity, I have no problem then. I say out loud: my life ... have.''
Before dying
Fisher said
"At all times when the situation of the people has reached a point at which a party complains of existing industries, the propertied class responds to the criticism is unfounded and attributed the dissatisfaction to the influence of agit6adores ambitious tasks. "
+ Albert Parsons: "... The fundamental principle of anarchy is the abolition of wages and the replacement of the existing industrial system and an authoritarian system of free universal cooperation, which alone can resolve the conflict that is prepared. Today's society lives only through repression, and we have advised a social revolution of workers from the power system. If I am to be hanged by my anarchist ideas, well, kill me. "Auguste + Hessois Spies:" ... Honorable Judge, my defense is its own indictment alleged crimes are my history. ... You can sentence me, but unless known to the State of Illinois eight men were sentenced for not losing faith in the ultimate triumph of freedom and justice. "
When they went to the gallows Spies shouted
"ARRIVE IN TIME TO OUR SILENCE WILL BE MORE POWERFUL THAN THE VOICES THAT YOU TODAY strangulation.
Before Garay had told the judge: "... If you think that hanging can eliminate the labor movement, the movement which millions of downtrodden millions who work hard and are in need and misery, if that's your opinion, then ahórquenos . Just crush the spark, but here and there, and behind and in front of you, at your side, everywhere, will turn new flames. This is the subterranean fire and you can not turn it off .... "
+ Louis Linng appeared blown up in his cell on the eve the execution of the sentence (some say not to be executed, Lingg committed suicide in his cell, smoking a cigar fulminate ... others said he was killed ... never knew the truth):''... No, not a crime because we condemn to death, is what has been said in all shades, we are doomed to death by anarchy, and since we are condemned by our principles, I yell loudly: I am an anarchist! The scorn, contempt order, laws, their strength, their authority. Ahórquenme!.''
Before the rope suffocate your breath, Parsons addressed the crowd.
- Will I forsake speaking, people of America? Let me speak sheriff Matson. Oh, American people, hear the voice of the people! Oh ...
Spies managed to shout:
-health, oh time when our silence will be more powerful than our voices that now suffocate to death! Engel and Fisher
cried
- Hurrah for anarchy!
- This is the happiest moment of my life. Story
execution by José Martí, Chicago correspondent of the newspaper''The Nation''(Buenos Aires - Argentina):''... leave their cells. They shake hands, smile. I read Case, were holding hands in the back with handcuffs, I Cinch arms to the body with a leather band and they put a white shroud and the robe of Christian catechumens. Below is the audience sitting in rows of chairs in front of the scaffold as in a theater ... Firmness in the face of Fischer, prayer in the Spies, pride in the Parsons, Engel makes a joke about his hood, Spies shouts, "the voice you are going to put down will be more powerful in the future that few words I could say now. "I lowered the hood, then a sign, a noise, the trap gives the four bodies fall and sway in a dance frightening
...''.
The Crime of Chicago took the lives of many workers and union leaders ras: there is no exact number, but were thousands of fired, arrested, tried, shot or tortured. Most were immigrants: Italian, English, German, Russian, Irish, Jews, Poles, Slavs, among others.
In late May 1886, several sectors employers agreed to grant the day of 8 hours to several hundreds of thousands of workers. The success was such that the Federation of Organized Trades and Unions expressed their joy in these words: "Never in the history of this country has been a general uprising among the masses as industrial. The desire for a reduction in working hours has led to millions of workers to join existing organizations, when so far had remained indifferent to union agitation. "
The time of repentance came in 1893. The rest of the union was in prison and when the July 26, 1893, John Peter Atlgeld, Governor of the State of Illinois granted a pardon to convicted "not because they sympathize with his prison but by an act of justice." He himself had studied the case and found the injustices committed against trade unionists. It took a bit to realize that the trial of the "eight" was a farce. It was even to think that a provocateur threw the fateful purpose pump. Convinced of the injustice, the Governor issued the document which granted absolute pardon those convicted in 1887 who were still in prison: Fielden, and Schwab Neebe. For others it was too late, and had faced death with dignity. Many people
Schnaubelt identified Rudolph as the man who threw the bomb. He was arrested but soon released without charge guilt. It was learned later that this murderer had been sent by the authorities to cause chaos.
had not been two years since the slaughter of "Martyrs" when a meeting of the Second International, founded by Frederick Engels, agreed to convert the May 1 day of international struggle for the eight hours.
be organized-resolution expressing "a great international event with a fixed date so that, in all countries and cities at once, the same day agreed to the intimate work to reduce the powers legally to eight hours of work and implement other resolutions of the international congress in Paris.
Given that a similar demonstration has already been decided by the American Federation of Labor by 1 May 1890, at its congress in December 1888 in Saint Louis, adopted this date for the demonstration internationally. "
Forty years later, would be sentenced two other immigrants: Italians Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, who were called the''Martyrs of Boston "...
In 1954 Pope Pius XII Catholic tacitly supported this day of collective memory to declare it as the feast of St. Joseph the Worker.
Throughout the twentieth century, advances were increasing labor laws for workers, giving them rights to respect, remuneration and social protection. In the last ten years this progress fell under the influence of neoliberalism.
Today, all democratic countries commemorate May 1 as the origin of the modern labor movement. The U.S. is the only country in the world who does not remember: a day no plaque or monument to remind workers at Chicago's Haymarket Square Park. If not quite the contrary, there is a memorial to police who repressed the workers that day. Interestingly
in the United States do not celebrate this anniversary. They celebrate the Labor Day
the first Monday of September since 1882
made a stop in
New York organized by the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor (Knights of Labor, in English). President Grover Cleveland
, hosted the celebration in September for fear that the May date would strengthen the socialist movement
in the United States.
In Argentina, between social laws can be cited the 4661 law of Sunday rest, the 9688 law, which establishes the obligation to pay compensation for work accidents and occupational diseases even if no employer fault, the law 11,544, limiting the workday to 8 hours and dismissal law, which deals with notice and compensation. On 1
May is national holiday in Argentina by Law n º 21,329 of national holidays and holidays.
Sources: www.me.gov.ar / EFEM / diatrabajo / primero.html www.adef.org.ar catedras.fsoc.uba.ar/rubinich/biblioteca/web/a1mayo.htmles.wikipedia.org / Publications
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